2.	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Presentation in the Consolidated Statements

The Company both rents and sells medical equipment. Management believes that the predominant source of revenues and cash flows from this medical equipment is from rentals and most equipment purchased is likely to be rented prior to being sold. Accordingly, the Company has concluded that (i) the assets specifically supporting its two primary revenue streams should be separately disclosed on the balance sheet; (ii) the purchase and sale of medical equipment should be classified solely in investing cash flows based on their predominant source; and (iii) other activities ancillary to the rental process should be consistently classified.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all wholly owned organizations. All intercompany transactions and account balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

 

Segments

The Company operates in one reportable segment based on management’s view of its business for purposes of evaluating performance and making operating decisions.

The Company utilizes shared services including but not limited to, human resources, payroll, finance, sales, pump repair and maintenance services, as well as certain shared assets and sales, general and administrative costs. The Company’s approach is to make operational decisions and assess performance based on delivering products and services that together provide solutions to its customer base, utilizing a functional management structure and shared services where possible. Based upon this business model, the chief operating decision maker only reviews consolidated financial information.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements, including the notes thereto. The Company considers critical accounting policies to be those that require more significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements, including the following: revenue recognition, which includes contractual adjustments, accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts, sales return allowances, inventory reserves, long lived assets, intangible assets valuations and income tax valuations. Management relies on historical experience and other assumptions believed to be reasonable in making its judgment and estimates. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Business Combinations

The Company accounts for all business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which allocates the fair value of the purchase consideration to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions. The Company may utilize third-party valuation specialists to assist the Company in the allocation. Initial purchase price allocations are subject to revision within the measurement period, not to exceed one year from the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related expenses and transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents primarily with two financial institutions and is insured with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are reported at the estimated net realizable amounts from patients, third-party payors and other direct pay customers for goods provided and services rendered. The Company performs periodic analyses to assess the accounts receivable balances. It records an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the estimated collectability of the accounts such that the recorded amounts reflect estimated net realizable value. Upon determination that an account is uncollectible, the account is written-off and charged to the allowance.

Accounts receivable are reduced by an allowance for amounts that could become uncollectible in the future. The Company’s estimate for its allowance for doubtful accounts is based upon management’s assessment of historical and expected net collections. Due to continuing changes in the health care industry and third-party reimbursement, it is possible that management’s estimates could change in the near term, which could have a material impact on the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Following is an analysis of the allowance for doubtful accounts for the Company for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

 

		Balance at beginning of Year				Charged to costs and expenses				Deductions (1)				Balance at end of Year
Allowance for doubtful accounts — 2015		$	4,739			$	5,234			$	(5,236	)		$	4,737
Allowance for doubtful accounts — 2014		$	4,774			$	5,774			$	(5,809	)		$	4,739

 

(1)	Deductions represent the write-off of uncollectible account receivable balances.

Inventories

The Company’s inventories consist of disposable products and related parts and supplies used in conjunction with medical equipment and are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out basis) or market. The Company periodically performs an analysis of slow moving inventory and records a reserve based on estimated obsolete inventory, which was $0.1 million as of both December 31, 2015 and 2014.

Medical Equipment

Medical Equipment (“ME”) consists of equipment that the Company purchases from third-parties and is 1) held for sale or rent, and 2) used in service to generate rental revenue. ME, once placed into service, is depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the equipment which is typically seven years. The Company does not depreciate ME held for sale or rent. When assets are sold, or otherwise disposed, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and a sale is recorded in the current period. The Company periodically performs an analysis of slow moving ME held for sale or rent and records a reserve based on estimated obsolescence, which was $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

During the first quarter of 2014, the Company reassessed the estimated useful life of certain of its ME. As a result, the estimated useful life of the Company’s ME was extended from five to seven years due to the determination that the Company was using these assets longer than originally anticipated. A major factor in this change was the servicing of such equipment by the Company’s Kansas facility, which was acquired in 2010. As a result, disposal of such equipment has decreased significantly since that acquisition.

The change in the estimated useful lives of the Company’s ME was accounted for as a change in accounting estimate, on a prospective basis, effective January 1, 2014. The change in estimated useful lives resulted in $1.9 million less depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2014 than otherwise would have been recorded. After-tax, net income would have been lower by $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 if this change in estimate had not been made. The impact to basic and diluted income per share due to this change in estimate would have been $0.05 per share for the year ended December 31, 2014.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is stated at acquired cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, ranging from three to seven years. Externally purchased information technology software and hardware are depreciated over three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the life of the asset or the remaining term of the lease, whichever is shorter. Maintenance and minor repairs are charged to operations as incurred. When assets are sold, or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is recorded in the current period.

 

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets consist of trade names, physician and customer relationships, non-compete agreements and software. The physician and customer relationships and non-compete agreements arose primarily from the acquisitions of ISI and First Biomedical in 2010 and the acquisition of assets from Ciscura Holding Company, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Ciscura”) in 2015. The Company amortizes the value assigned to the physician and customer relationships on a straight-line basis over the period of expected benefit, which ranges from fifteen to twenty years. The acquired physician and customer relationship base represents a valuable asset of the Company due to the expectation of future business opportunities to be leveraged from the existing relationship with each physician and customer. The Company has long-standing relationships with numerous oncology clinics, physicians, home care and home infusion providers, skilled nursing facilities, pain centers and others. The useful lives of these relationships are based on minimal attrition experienced to date by the Company and expectations of continued minimal attrition. Non-compete agreements are amortized on a straight-line basis with the amortization periods ranging from two to five years and acquired software is amortized on a straight-line basis over three years. Trade names associated with the original acquisition of InfuSystem are not amortized while trade names from the Ciscura asset acquisition in 2015 are amortized over one year.

Management tests trade names for impairment annually or as often as deemed necessary. The impairment test for intangible assets with indefinite lives consists of a comparison of the fair value of the intangible assets with their carrying amounts. If the carrying value of the intangible assets exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. The Company determines the fair value of the reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing based on a discounted cash flow model. The Company determines the fair value of our intangibles assets with indefinite lives (trade names) through the royalty relief income valuation approach. The Company performed its annual impairment analysis as of October 2015 and determined that the fair value of the intangible assets with indefinite lives (trade names) was greater than their carrying value, resulting in no impairment.

Software Capitalization and Depreciation

We capitalize certain costs incurred in connection with obtaining or developing internal-use software, including payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with the internal-use software project, external direct costs of materials and services and interest costs while developing the software. Capitalized software costs are included in intangible assets, net and are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of three to five years. Capitalization of such costs ceases when the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended purpose. Costs incurred during the preliminary project and post-implementation stages, as well as software maintenance and training costs, are expensed in the period in which they are incurred. The company capitalized $5.6 million and $3.4 million of internal-use software for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Amortization expense for capitalized software was $0.4 million in 2015 and $0.0 million in 2014.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets held for use, which includes property and equipment and amortizable intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. If an impairment indicator exists, the Company assesses the asset or asset group for recoverability. Recoverability of these assets is determined based upon the expected undiscounted future net cash flows from the operations to which the assets relate, utilizing management’s best estimates, appropriate assumptions and projections at the time. If the carrying value is determined not to be recoverable from future operating cash flows, the asset is deemed impaired and an impairment loss would be recognized to the extent the carrying value exceeded the estimated fair market value of the asset or asset group. The Company did not record any impairment related expenses for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

 

Operating and Capital Leases

Leases for all of our corporate and other operating locations are under operating leases and the Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Rent holidays and rent escalation clauses, which provide for scheduled rent increases during the lease term, are taken into account in computing straight-line rent expense included in our consolidated statements of operations. The difference between the rent due under the stated periods of the leases compared to that of the straight-line basis is recorded as a component of other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Landlord funded lease incentives, including tenant improvement allowances provided for our benefit, are recorded as leasehold improvement assets and as deferred rent in the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to depreciation expense and as rent expense credits, respectively. The Company occasionally enters into capital leases to finance the purchase of ambulatory infusion pumps. The pumps are capitalized into medical equipment in rental service at their fair market value, which equals the value of the future minimum lease payments, and are depreciated over the useful life of the pumps. Under the terms of all such capital leases, the Company does not hold title to these pumps and will not obtain title until such time as the capital lease obligations are settled in full. The weighted average interest rate under capital leases was 4.8% as of December 31, 2015.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue for selling, renting and servicing new and pre-owned infusion pumps and other medical equipment to oncology practices as well as other alternate site settings including home care and home infusion providers, skilled nursing facilities, pain centers and others, when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; services have been rendered; the price to the customer is fixed or determinable; and collectability is reasonably assured. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement is determined to exist, and collectability is reasonably assured, when the Company (i) receives a physician’s written order and assignment of benefits, signed by the physician and patient, respectively, and (ii) has verified actual pump usage and insurance coverage and (iii) receives patient acknowledgement of assignment of benefits. The Company recognizes rental revenue from electronic infusion pumps as earned, normally on a month-to-month basis. Pump rentals are billed at the Company’s established rates, which often differ from contractually allowable rates provided by third-party payors such as Medicare, Medicaid and commercial insurance carriers. All billings to third party payors are recorded net of provision for contractual adjustments to arrive at net revenues. The Company performs an analysis to estimate sales returns and records an allowance for returns when the related sale is recognized. This estimate is based on historical sales returns.

Due to the nature of the industry and the reimbursement environment in which the Company operates, certain estimates are required to record net revenues and accounts receivable at their net realizable values. Inherent in these estimates is the risk that the estimates will have to be revised or updated as additional information becomes available. Specifically, the complexity of many third-party billing arrangements and the uncertainty of reimbursement amounts for certain services from certain payors may result in adjustments to amounts originally recorded. Due to continuing changes in the health care industry and third-party reimbursement, it is possible that management’s estimates could change in the near term, which could have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations and cash flows.

For 2015 and 2014, the Company’s largest contracted payor was Medicare, which accounted for approximately 32% and 30% of our net revenue for ambulatory infusion pump services for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Medicare represented 20% and 18% of the Company’s consolidated accounts receivable, net for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. For 2015 and 2014, the Company’s second largest contracted payor was a national association comprised of multiple members, which, in the aggregate, accounted for approximately 18% of our net revenue for ambulatory infusion pump services for both years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. This same contracted payor represented 27% and 26% of the Company’s consolidated accounts receivable, net for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The Company also contracted with various other third party payor organizations, commercial Medicare replacement plans, self-insured plans and numerous other insurance carriers. No individual payor, other than those listed above, accounted for greater than approximately 9% of the Company’s ambulatory infusion pump services net revenue for 2015 or 2014.

 

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred income tax liabilities and assets based on: (1) the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years the differences are expected to reverse and (2) the tax credit carry forwards. Deferred income tax (expense) benefit results from the change in net deferred tax assets or deferred tax liabilities. A valuation allowance is recorded when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some or all of any deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Provisions for federal, state and foreign taxes are calculated based on reported pre-tax earnings based on current tax law and include the cumulative effect of any changes in tax rates from those used previously in determining deferred tax assets and liabilities. Certain items of income and expense are recognized in different time periods for financial reporting than for income tax purposes; thus, such provisions differ from the amounts currently receivable or payable.

The Company follows a two-step approach for recognizing uncertain tax positions. First it evaluates the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination. Second, for positions that are determined to be more-likely-than-not to be sustained, it recognizes the tax benefits as the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being sustained. The Company establishes a reserve for uncertain tax positions liability that is comprised of unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the provision of income taxes.

Share Based Payments

The determination of the fair value of stock option awards on the date of grant using option-pricing models is affected by the Company’s stock price, as well as assumptions regarding a number of other inputs using the Black-Scholes pricing model. These variables include the Company’s expected stock price volatility over the expected term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility. The Company uses historical data to estimate stock option exercise and forfeiture rates. The expected term represents the period over which the share-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The dividend yield is an estimate of the expected dividend yield on the Company’s stock. The risk-free rate is based on U.S. Treasury yields in effect at the time of the grant for the expected term of the stock options. All stock option awards are amortized based on their graded vesting over the requisite service period of the awards. Compensation costs are recognized over the requisite service period using the accelerated method and included in selling expenses and general and administrative expenses, based upon the department to which the associated employee or non-employee resides.

Deferred Debt Issuance Costs

Capitalized debt issuance costs as of December 31, 2015 relate to the Company’s current Credit Facility with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Capitalized debt issuance costs as of December 31, 2014 relate to the Company’s previous Credit Facility with Wells Fargo, which was repaid and terminated during 2015. The Company classified the costs related to these agreements as non-current assets and amortizes them using the interest method through the maturity date of the underlying debt.

 

Earnings Per Share

The Company reports its earnings per share in accordance with the “Earnings Per Share” topic of the FASB ASC, which requires the presentation of both basic and diluted earnings per share on the statements of operations. The diluted weighted average common shares includes adjustments for the potential effects of outstanding stock options but only in the periods in which such effect is dilutive under the treasury stock method. Included in our basic and diluted weighted average common shares are those stock options and common stock shares due to participants granted from the 2014 stock incentive plan. Antidilutive stock awards are comprised of stock options and unvested share awards, which would have been antidilutive in the application of the treasury stock method in accordance with “Earnings Per Share” topic of FASB ASC.

In accordance with this topic, the following table reconciles income and share amounts utilized to calculate basic and diluted net income per common share (in thousands):

 

 

		2015				2014
Numerator:
Net income (in thousands)		$	3,743			$	3,357
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic			22,414,587				22,154,199
Dilutive effect of restricted shares, options and non-vested share awards			428,648				397,894
Diluted			22,843,235				22,552,093
Antidilutive awards			43,215				45,267

Stock options of 0.1 million were not included in the calculation for both of the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, because they would have an anti-dilutive effect.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 for cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments (Level I). The carrying value of the Company’s long-term debt with variable interest rates approximates fair value based on instruments with similar terms (Level II).

The Company has adopted ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements which defines fair value, establishes a framework for assets and liabilities being measured and reported at fair value and amends disclosures about fair value measurements.

For financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, fair value is the price the Company would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction with a market participant at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value as follows:

 

Level 1:

quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments;

 

Level 2:

quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical instruments in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable data for substantially the full term of the instrument; and

 

Level 3:

significant inputs to the valuation model are unobservable.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements and Developments

In April 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest – Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs (“ASU 2015-03”), and, in August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-15, Interest – Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements — Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to Staff Announcement at June 18, 2015 EITF Meeting (“ASU 2015-15”). ASU 2015-03 requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. ASU 2015-15 then clarified that debt issuance costs related to a line-of-credit arrangement can be presented as an asset on the balance sheet, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. These ASUs are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and for interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity should apply this new guidance on a retrospective basis and is required to comply with applicable disclosures for a change in an accounting principle. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that the adoption of this guidance will have on its financial position, results of operations, cash flows and/or disclosures.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, requiring that inventory be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. This ASU is effective within annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, that the adoption of this guidance will have on its financial position, results of operations, cash flows and/or disclosures.

On May 28, 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective and permits the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, which defers the effective date of ASU No. 2014-09 to fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early application is permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, which was the original effective date. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU No. 2014-09 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company has not yet selected a transition method nor has it determined the effect of the standard on its ongoing financial reporting.

In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments, requiring that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. This ASU also requires an entity to present separately on the face of the income statement, or disclose in the notes to the financial statements, the portion of the amount recorded in current-period earnings by line item that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date. This ASU is effective within annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2015, including interim periods within that reporting period, and will be applied prospectively to measurement-period adjustments that occur after the effective date of this ASU. The Company does not believe this standard will not result in any impact on its financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, simplifying the balance sheet classification of deferred taxes by requiring all deferred taxes, along with any related valuation allowance, to be presented as noncurrent. This ASU is effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2017, allows for early adoption and may be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. This ASU is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments — Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“ASU 2016-01”). The guidance affects the accounting for equity investments, financial liabilities under the fair value option and the presentation and disclosure requirements of financial instruments. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is evaluating the effect that ASU 2016-01 will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

 

In February of 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” (“ASU 2016-02”). Under ASU 2016-02, an entity will be required to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on its balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 offers specific accounting guidance for a lessee, a lessor and sale and leaseback transactions. Lessees and lessors are required to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about leasing arrangements to enable a user of the financial statements to assess the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. For public companies, ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that reporting period, and requires a modified retrospective adoption, with early adoption permitted. We are in the process of evaluating the future impact of ASU 2016-02 on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.